Which of the following should be included in the differential diagnosis for Olivia?

In considering the differential diagnosis for Olivia, including abusive head trauma is critical due to the potentially severe implications associated with it. Abusive head trauma, commonly known as non-accidental head injury or shaken baby syndrome, occurs in infants or young children and can lead to significant neurological damage or even death. Clinicians must be vigilant for signs of such trauma, particularly if there are indications of altered mental status, unusual bruising, or fractures that do not correspond with reported accidents.

Including only viral illnesses or upper respiratory infections in the differential does not adequately address the possibility of abuse, which has different management and interventions compared to common pediatric illnesses. Viral illnesses, while common, are generally self-limiting and lack the acute potential for injury that must be ruled out in cases suggestive of abuse. Therefore, identifying abusive head trauma as part of the differential diagnosis ensures that the clinician is considering all serious possibilities, allowing for timely and appropriate intervention.